I say 'nature writing', you see a Hallmark watercolour landscape replete with furry animals and woolly sentiment. But is this really the extent of it? What the hay is nature writing – or what isn't? Where is the line between the natural and the human and, if there is any line at all, who put it there?
If anyone can clarify, it's Mark Tredinnick, vice-president of the Australian-New Zealand chapter of the Association for the Study of Literature & Environment, and accomplished nature writer. Mark's poems have won a number of awards, including this year the inaugural Blake Poetry Prize, and he has written expansively in his essays on the ecology of writing, where he describes nature writing enigmatically as 'nature, writing'. I asked Mark, then, what it might mean to write landscape, and to trace the meridian of the natural world in his own work as a poet.
Kay Rozynski: Firstly, what on Earth is nature writing?
Mark Tredinnick: Nature writing is usually prose, mostly nonfiction, mostly lyric, preoccupied with what we now, in Australia, might best call country. Barry Lopez – whose work embodies better than anyone's what nature writing can be at its best – says that in nature writing the landscape is the story. We humans are in it; but we are not the story; not this time. The story is the fabulous, discontinuous making and unmaking and remaking again of one place on earth or another; the story is the impossibly ornate interconnections that pattern that place and make it what it is, a work never finished; the story is also what all that makes of the people who attempt to make a living there. In nature writing, country is foreground; people are background. Nature writing runs on geologic, not merely human time.
Nature writing is a broad church. It comes grand and it comes humble. It will be pretty daggy nature writing that merely appreciates landscapes and glories in the wonders of their furry and floral citizens; it will be clich?©d nature writing that expresses, in that same old sentimental diction, the tireless and tiresome old longing for communion with Nature. In a good piece of nature writing, we human beings are understood and represented as pieces of a place, and humble, glorious, generally alienated elements of the natural history of a stretch of country.
In your essay on Robert Gray you mention that, as a harbour dweller, Gray could write 'gritty, hip idylls – some of them urban.' What might an urban pastoral look like?
Pastoral, as an aesthetic, is a place and a point of view. (And one way to understand nature writing, of course, is as pastoral.) Traditionally, pastoral – and once upon a time all pastorals were poems – concerned itself with paddocks and fields and streams, with sheep and shepherds – with rural working landscapes, in other words. But pastoral can transcend its customary geography. For pastoral is really a cast of mind – an opening out of the imagination and the senses into the natural world.
In my essay I wanted to suggest that some poets, including Gray, might be understood as pastoral poets even when there are no paddocks in their poems. I wanted to advertise the uses of the pastoral beyond its usual country, I guess to suggest a kind of post-pastoral. The pastoral has been aptly described (by Terry Gifford) as 'a discourse of retreat' from the city – almost from the real world – and I wanted to recast it as a discourse of return; to reframe it for a very urban century of ecological crisis as a point of view that might let poets and their readers see nature in its wild order and eternity, in its animal-vegetable-geologic otherness. Even when all one can see is the brick wall across the lane.
Jonathan Bate in his book The Song of the Earth argued that colonialism and ecological damage, such as deforestation, have historically gone hand in hand. This was clearly the case in Australia. But what does this mean in literary terms – how has writing the landscape in Australia impacted on the landscape itself?
It is beyond argument that the pastoral project on the ground, which has so damaged the landscape – think rising water tables, ruined watercourses, decimated woodlands, lost marsupial nations – was advanced and justified by the pastoral project in the mind. That is, the pastoral aesthetic (the rolling hills, the brooks and pastures and glades, the nymphs and shepherds, a very English idyll unspeakably at odds with the actual country in most parts of this continent), carried in the books and syntax and DNA and on the tongues of the settlers, blinded them to how the country actually went and encouraged them, in the face of overwhelming evidence that this was not England and didn't ever want to be, to try to remake Australia to resemble Wordsworth's Lake District or something similar and to bear the weight of the huge pastoral ambitions visited upon the landscape. Pastoral preconceptions biased the first few generations of white Australians against the way the land actually went. An Anglophone pastoral encouraged us to clear; it told us rain would follow the plough, and other sweet bucolic lies.
In literature, the power of the pastoral has kept too many writers from finding the diction and the palette and the timbres they needed to get Australian landscapes onto paper. Our sentences for way too long have sounded like they have their roots down in a lush green isle, where some of the hills really do roll, and where arid means two dry days in a row; where desert is a pudding misspelled. A truculently Anglophone pastoral sensibility and diction kept the real landscapes out of our heads and out of our books until well into the twentieth century, when Judith Wright began to catch the lyric. In his poem 'Black Landscape' Robert Gray has a stanza that seems to me to realise how you have to listen to the land here, not to the poets we love from another land (where our language was born):
A crow was blown away, with a shout; I thought of having to eat
such dry fibre. Keats didn't know
all about those syllables, 'forlorn', who'd never heard
a sound like the bushfire's crow.
So Australian literature – I mean the white kind, the ballads and the various strains of pastoral we wrote for too long in the mother tongue, in the Queen's English – has been complicit in the pastoral colonisation of probably way too much of Australia.
Discussing eco-criticism as an emergent field of literary studies, Peter Barry categorises nature along a spectrum from the untouched (deep space and so on) to the profoundly cultivated (garden beds, lawns) and observes that it is the former that tends to provoke the literary epic or saga. On the other hand, the end of the spectrum that represents heightened human intervention is often the setting for lyric poetry. Your recent poem 'The Economics of Spring' (Meanjin Vol. 67, No. 3, 2008) inhabits for me an area between the two extremes; or rather, it's the sum of them: it's certainly a lyric but it seems to open itself onto the full panorama of nature. The poem's speaker, who is a poet, appears to invite nature to inhabit the act of writing. Can you say something about what being ecocentric might do to a writer's process and creative choices?
I'm not sure I buy Barry's dichotomy, interesting though it is. What I do in both the 'untouched' terrain and the 'cultivated' – say, in a poem set here in the tame old Southern Highlands and in my prose book The Blue Plateau (UQP, forthcoming 2009), where I deal with bigger, wilder and more sublime country (the Blue Mountains of NSW) – is attempt witness. Something actually quite intimate. So I'd say it's about lyric apprehension: putting yourself about to listen to country and to participate in it, through your work, as a dancer participates in a dance. In nature writing, one way or another, you try to let nature write. Speaking for myself, I feel for wildness wherever and with whoever I am. I try, in other words, always to remember the world, which came first (as I say in that poem), and let it into my words.
I've written a whole book – The Land's Wild Music (Trinity Univ. Press: 2005) – that answers your question, as I recall it. In that book, a meditation on what I call 'the exteriority of the very indoor experience of writing authentic witnesses of place', I emphasise the rhythmic, bodily element of the writing process – the dance, not always pretty, with words, the movement of fingers on a keyboard – and how vital those elements, often overlooked by writers steeped in narrative, are for recalling the rhythmic, musical dimensions of landscapes. You can write a narrative if you like, or you can write a meditative lyric, but if you keep writing to the rhythm you felt in the place, you're likely to keep alive the lyric of the country, and in this way invite the country to participate in the writing.
It strikes me as interesting, though, that we talk and write about going out to be 'with nature', as though nature were 'out there' and human being distinct from it, entering and leaving at will. Maybe opposing nature and human existence, if that's what the pastoral does, was never amenable to the Australian landscape. Do you think the pastoral can ever escape being an imported mode here?
Oh, it's way too early to give up on the Australian pastoral. We haven't listened hard enough yet. If I didn't think it was possible to catch the lyrics of Australian places in English prose and prosody, I wouldn't keep writing. Specifically, I wouldn't have written The Blue Plateau, which, interestingly, is being subtitled (not my idea, but I quite like it) 'An Australian Pastoral' in the United States. But I have no doubt my confidence is misplaced, and I know I'll fail. The country will always elude the book, or the dance or the song. Most things will – one's self, one's great loves – but most of all the country around you that is so much older and longer and less verbal than you are. One can try, though, and one should.
But the pastoral doesn't oppose nature and human nature; it notices that in much of our social, economic and even spiritual thinking, we have fallen out of, and with, nature. Not that in reality a split is possible: we are organisms, whether we like it or not; we are natural first and last, and cultural only in the middle. The exquisite challenge we face in Australia is eroding English – the tongue in which our dominant culture plays – to let it sing the way the plateau sings, or the desert or the high country or the harbour or the beach or the narrow lanes of Enmore. (It would be different if we were writing in a language like any of the Indigenous languages, which evolved on this continent, with the continent itself and its peoples.) All we have is a language imported fairly recently to a landscape that spent a long, long time becoming itself without ever hearing a Chaucerian or a Shakespearean, a Keatsian or a Wordsworthian syllable.
You have written a couple of very successful books about good prose writing, clear writing, grammatically correct writing. What is the link between your prose works of this kind and your nature writing?
Now here's the thing. Country that's wild – I learned this in Gary Snyder, but it's a thing Indigenous people in Australia knew long before he did – isn't anarchic. It's very orderly; in fact its wildness lies in the fact that its intelligence, its organising system, its pattern of complex interrelationships, is more or less intact. Writing wants to be wild in that sense, and native to its speaker. But if it's any good it won't be anarchic; it will have to be orderly at a deep level; or it will collapse. The nature writer tries to fathom the deep structures and the musics of the world – including but not limited to the human. The writer makes paragraphs, as though they were country, and she makes them sound and beautiful by attending to the deep structures and musicality of her sentences.
Grammar is the mathematics of meaning. Places have maths; we call them ecologies. Sentences and the lines and stanzas and paragraphs we make with them: these have maths, too. By making the most elegant equations, you make the most sense and you make it, if you want to, most beautifully.
I'm noticing nature writing all over the place at the moment, although that could just be Cordite colonising my reading patterns this month. If I'm right though – if there is a burgeoning interest in eco-centred writing – is this indicative of a shift in the collective psyche?
I hope you're right that nature writing's time has come – though I'm not sure. And I hope you're right about the shift to a collective green unconscious (or consciousness) that may underlie it. It's past time for both. Green, they tell us, is the new black. Art, especially poems, can seem so fragile and ineffable at a time like this. And like Auden, I don't really believe poems are for anything. In fact, the more you try to make them protest or preach, the less like poems they become. And the less powerful.
When I wrote The Land's Wild Music, which in its first life was my doctoral work, I suggested that prose (but lyric prose, not just any prose) might be better than poetry at capturing country and speaking on behalf of the more-than-merely human world. It was an idea that the poet and philosopher Martin Harrison first put to me. Paragraphs, in their relative disorder, their lack of architecture, more closely resemble country (forest, paddock, savannah, woodland, sea) than stanzas do. Poems are more artifactual than prose. They are more intensely fabricated. It's a pretty enough idea, but I don't think I believe in it now.
All the same, as Indigenous artistic practice shows us, art can serve and conserve country; it can articulate and divine the land; it can explore and characterise it; it can help to save it from us, and us from ignorance of country.
The majority of recent literary theory renders the world we come into contact with as socially or linguistically contrived. However, British philosopher Kate Soper's famous retort to that was: 'It isn't language which has a hole in its ozone layer.' Does eco-criticism allow any theoretical room for a conceptualisation of the world as a social or linguistic construct?
I'm with Kate Soper. I have a feeling we'll still be doubting the reality of global warming and questioning our culpability for it, and we'll still be, in the academy, socially constructing the environment, when the city is up to its knees in the harbour. Theory isn't going to get us out of this. But theory has helped writers and readers question old verities, to unseat the absoluteness of any kind of truth. And that's a good thing. Theory in literature has overstated the dominion of the human mind, and it has downgraded the autonomy of the world beyond the human. It has convinced us that nature is beyond the grasp of our sentences; that only the human can speak in a text. There are many schools of ecocriticism, and though I've written in the field, I belong to none of them; but all of them try to put nature, the world beyond the human, back into the discussion of how literature works and what it's for.
Joseph Carroll (Evolution and Literary Theory) has argued that literature remains, no matter how else we want to characterise it, an evolutionary adaptation of the human species. It is a thing we've learned to write and read – each of us and all of us – as a means of understanding and outsmarting the world we find ourselves in. With it we remake ourselves to adapt to the world, and because of it we re-imagine and to some extent remake the environments we find ourselves in to make them more habitable. That's an argument I find attractive. Compelling, if large. And like the eco-psychological angle, in which ecocentric writing is interpreted as a practice of environmental awareness, it keeps the human in the game; it presumes the role of literature in mediating the human relationship with the more-than-merely human.
The Blue Plateau opens with a fascinating image of the self composed both of pieces and of the spaces left in the wake of pieces that have fallen away: 'I am a landscape of loss,' you write. 'Most of me is the memory of where else, and who else, and with whom, I have been and no longer am.' Do you think this could stand as an allegory for the Australian landscape, too?
It's not meant to stand as anything but itself. But it could. Most Australian landscapes are heavily eroded, and most are also encrypted with stories of dispossession, of coming and going and of exile. Erosion is often the real narrative. Now that you mention it, since so many Australian landscapes are very old and worn, and so many have been so rapidly reduced by human pastoral activity, 'landscapes of loss' could be a way of thinking of many of them.
The Association for the Study of Literature & Environment-ANZ (ASLE-ANZ) is itself a fairly recent phenomenon. Can you say something about your work with ASLE-ANZ?
The original ASLE started in the US in the early 1990s and its mission was broadly to promote ecocriticism and the objectives of ecocriticism, especially, but not exclusively, as an approach to literature; it also aimed to encourage the study of the natural within literature and the study of environmentally engaged literature. With the support of other writers and scholars like Peter Hay, John Cameron, Val Plumwood, Eric Rolls and Deborah Bird-Rose, Kate Rigby and I set up an Australian and New Zealand branch in late 2003. Kate became the first president; I have been Australian vice-president; Charles Dawson has served as the New Zealand vice-president. Our mission has been the same as ASLE-US, except that we have wanted to promote ecocriticism and ecologically astute literature with a particularly antipodean accent. Our membership has grown steadily since then. Compared to ALSE-US, we've attracted more scholars from beyond English faculties – scientific ecologists, anthropologists, cultural theorists, environmental historians, literate scientists, geographers and so on. And we've attracted not only writers with an interest in places and the state of the planet, but other artists as well.
Kate Rigby has just stepped down after a fabulously successful term as our first president. I, too, am stepping down. C. A. Cranston and Deborah Bird are about to take our places. And we're contemplating a name change to reflect our reach beyond literature. Membership gets you newsletters, tip-offs about prizes and jobs, and it gets you the fellowship, if you want it, of ecologically minded artists and thinkers. Check our site and join up. If pastoral is the new black, if nature is the new cause, and if ecology is the new worldview, then ALSE-ANZ is where all that is at.
You must have canvassed the field reading towards your PhD on nature writing. What are the non-fiction works that most captured your imagination? Where could readers begin with the genre?
My thesis looked at some of my favourite contemporary North American nature writers: Barry Lopez, Peter Matthiessen, Terry Tempest Williams and James Galvin. Galvin's The Meadow is, I think, my favourite book of all. And it is the least like what most people probably imagine nature writing to be. It's a kind of hip Western pastoral. To start off, I'd recommend that and Lopez's Arctic Dreams, Matthiessen's The Snow Leopard, and Williams's Refuge. I think Norman Maclean's A River Runs Through It is a piece of nature writing, too, and one of the great books. You could do worse than that. Other great nature writers: Loren Eiseley, Rachel Carson, Mary Austin, Gavan Maxwell, Henry David Thoreau, Henry Beston, Richard Nelson, Annie Dillard. In Australian letters, try Eric Rolls's A Million Wild Acres, Tom Griffiths' Slicing the Silence, Patrice Newell's The River. I think of Karen Blixen's Out of Africa as a piece of nature writing, wild and cultured pastoral. Readers could also check out my anthology of US and Australian nature writing, A Place on Earth (UNSW: 2003).
Kay Rozynski is Cordite's features editor. Image: “Algar” (2008) by David Prater.
